d. identifying means to remove the causes of defects. $35,000 c. Financial accounting is broader in scope than management accounting. Since introducing this term as a systematic approach to business improvement, companies that implement KAIZEN have continually yielded superior results. c. quality manual Budgets provide a framework for judging performance and facilitating learning. a. core d. John Tyler was the first president to be elected from the Whig Party. It tends to seek change and increased business productivity through large-scale, radical shifts. d. Conducting a detailed technical analysis of the characteristics of the product, A(n) _____ is a design tool that enables management to study and analyze processes prior to implementation in order to improve quality and operational performance. View Answer, 7. Kaizen is a philosophy that was developed in the manufacturing industry in Japan after WWII. targets and tolerances determined by designers of goods and services. It refers to the repetition required in order to create a perfect process that leads to zero defective products and 100% customer satisfaction. (D) It is a people driven activity. true The design aspect of process management focuses on continually seeking to achieve higher levels of performance, such as reduced variation, higher yields, fewer defects and errors, and smaller cycle times false Processes must be measurable and repeatable in order to apply the techniques of process management. b. incurred after poor-quality goods or services reach the customer. 3,500 units Kaizen - Sarah Harvey 2019-09-19 A gorgeously illustrated introduction to the Japanese method of Kaizen - meaning 'change' 'good' - showing you how to make small, step-by-step changes to transform your life. In the context of quality management, which of the following statements is true of Joseph M. Juran? a. _____ is an intense and rapid improvement process in which a team or a department throws all its resources into an improvement project over a short time period. d. Failure to understand the role in the service transaction. b. Which one of the following statements is true? a. c. internal failure costs D)It focuses on small, gradual, and frequent improvements. Failure to follow the instructions provided a. kaizen program a. Which of the following is wrong? Which of the following statements is true of activity flexible budgeting? Which of the following responsibility centers does this manager control? d. Breakthrough. Kaizen CPAs + Advisors is an established and growing CPA firm, servicing individuals and businesses since 1964. 30 seconds. 3) Total costs will be lower for the kanban/ lean production operation. b. b. root cause Which of the following can be a reason for an activity-based management (ABM) system breakdown? 5. A _____ is a temporary work structure that starts up, produces products or services, and then shuts down. It essentially disregards any relation between happiness of employees and their productivity. the output of a process or an individual process step. b. It is a Japanese business philosophy that concerns the processes that continuously improve operations and. Control charts Which of the following statements about kaizen is false? Which of the following is one of the three major activities in process management that focuses on maintaining consistency in output by assessing performance and taking corrective action when necessary? Customers may not be willing to pay the price determined by the procedure. Which of the following statements is true of the Deming cycle? It defines quality system standards based on the premise that certain generic characteristics of management practices can be standardized. number of defects discovered/ number of units produced. a. Which of the following statements is true of Dr. W. Edwards Deming's philosophy of quality management? Cost-based pricing has traditionally been widely used because: Which of the following is not a drawback to cost-based pricing? Which of the following statements is true of process value analysis? a) Innovation, constant improvement The following data pertain to the activity for the most recent year:Activity supply: 3,000 hours (two scheduling officers @ 1,500 hours per year)Scheduling officer cost (salary): $18,000 per yearActual usage: 3,500 scheduling hoursCalculate the unused capacity variance. B) Activity-based management is concerned with minimizing the cost of activities. b. process mapping The manager at a multinational company may use sophisticated techniques such as forward, future, and option contracts are used to minimize risk exposure to foreign currency fluctuations instead of enhancing exchange-rate volatility. b. _____ is the first stage of personal change. The manufacturing overhead budget, The following budgeted information relates to McKensie Spice Corporation: c. design c. incurred as a result of unsatisfactory quality that is found before the delivery of a good or service to the customer. a. Which of the following statements is true of performance evaluation under an activity-based responsibility accounting system? For a manufacturing company, legal services will be considered an example of a value-creation process. $H_1$ : There is positive first-order autocorrelation. Which of the following statements is true? refers to the continuous improvement the manager anticipates during the budgeted period into budgeted numbers refers specifically to the costs associated with avoiding poor quality or those incurred as a result of poor quality. View Answer, 4. Don Herrmann, J. David Spiceland, Wayne Thomas, Fundamentals of Financial Management, Concise Edition, Claudia Bienias Gilbertson, Debra Gentene, Mark W Lehman. c. kaizen and kanban. d. simple and lengthy, The quality team at Nigre, a cosmetics company, is continuously involved in monitoring the production process to ensure that the products are meeting specifications. (b) it is part of TQM. According to Kaizen philosophy, which of the following does not belong to the team dynamics? d. It guides teams to develop an improvement plan, try it out, examine the results, and institute changes, then repeat the cycle. The manager at a multinational company earns revenues and incurs expenses from one currency in one country. b. appraisal costs buying a Mercedes automobile is a nondurable good. a) Customer orientation A. Kaizen techniques provide more rapid improvement B. Breakthrough achievement is generally less expensive C. Breakthrough achievement would be used for low tech products D. Kaizen technique are more easily applied at the floor level Senior managers spend 10-20% of time on budget-related issues. c. Reengineering c. Avoiding errors per million opportunities as a standard metric D) Setting standards. Support processes generally add value directly to a product or service. View Answer, 9. It focuses on bringing about improvements in product and service quality by reducing variability in goods and services design and associated processes. d. It helps organizations to increase employee morale and commitment to the organization. A b. A . a) Kaizen yields small continuous improvements, Six Sigma yields sudden big improvements. d. external failure costs, Which of the following is a core philosophy of Six Sigma? The search for The manager is responsible for which of the following at an investment center? 1. a) To make processes efficient b) To make processes effective c) To make processes controllable d) To make processes uncontrollable View Answer The Kaizen philosophy challenges the statement of "that's just the way we do things." Through micro-changes, it strives to eliminate silos, egos, and waste and instead aims for efficient and standardized processes, especially in these areas: Quality: products, best practices, and business processes. Control in manufacturing starts with purchasing and receiving processes. d) Creating conflicts Mathematical representations of the relationships among operating activities, financing activities, and other factors that affect the master budget c. Scatter diagrams b. flowchart ________________ is a systematic approach to identifying the best practices to help an organization take action to improve performance. 2,310 units. We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. View Answer, 10. It relies on dramatic structural changes and immediate improvement to achieve success. 2,110 units b. B. In the context of SERVQUAL, _____ is caring, individual attention a firm provides its customers. In the case of a manufacturing company, which of the following is an example of a value-creation process? A primary advantage of target costing is that it requires little or no coordination among processes. Which of the following statements is not true about benchmarking strategy of TQM? d) Stop improvement a) Problem solving The outputs of service processes are not as well defined as manufactured products. In a competitive environment, cost-based approaches decrease the time and cost of bringing new products to market. Which of the following is a reason why process management is important for organizations? 30 Q a. d. treatment errors between the server and the customer. According to Philip B. Crosby's Absolutes of Quality Management, the only performance standard is _____, which represents the philosophy of preventing faults in goods and services rather than finding them after the fact and fixing them. b. [4] Overview [ edit] b. Unclean facilities 450 units a. Gap 1 a. c. tend to deliver unique products that are tailored to the specific needs of an individual customer. d. It involves a huge financial investment. . d. are generally completed by a single department and they do not cut across organizational boundaries. a. Services that emphasize on professional judgement of the employees often succeed in providing good solutions to customer problems. Theorganizationshould always seek perfection. It involves only the top management of the organization. d. physical facilities, Which of the following is regarded as the best approach to prevent mistakes in a process because of its ability to avoid rework and wastage of time and resources? The language of JIT includes many terms. 2,200 units a. a. provide the infrastructure for production or deliver processes to create or deliver the actual product. a. Supplier certification processes can be time-consuming and expensive to administer. Gap 2 The rolling budget b. improve the reliability of their service. B) ABM focuses managerial attention on what is most important among the activities performed to create value for customers. b. c. 50-fold Which of the following is not the aim of Kaizen process? (1) - Kaizen costing method is based around a calculation involving a desired profit margin and a competitive market price: (2) - An important characteristic of total quality management is a focus primarily on internal customers and continuous improvement measures. c. analyze The employees at Josephine's T-Shirts, hence, had to rework on the returned items, and in some cases, the company had to even replace the faulty goods. A) Activity-based management is concerned with maximizing the value of activities. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the advantages of budgeting? d. Gap 4, A _____ is a basic statistical tool that graphically shows the frequency or number of observations of a particular value or within a specified group. This pairs with being a Change Advisory Board member. The element bromine, Br\mathrm{Br}Br (atomic number 353535 ), has two major isotopes of similar abundance, both about 50%50 \%50%. We are a family-minded business based on a culture of partnership and dedication. All these translate to cost savings, and can turn potential losses into profits. C) Activity-based costing involves determining the cost of activities. The design activity of process management focuses on: In General Electric's Six Sigma problem-solving approach, the improve phase involves: a. a. improvement b. do not add value directly to the product or service. d. It prescribes documentation for all processes affecting quality. c. Process mapping d. A kaizen event, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer. c. He never defined or described quality precisely. c. Requirements of quality need not be stated. b. 23. d. External failure. External failure costs can be defined as costs: A seven-year medical research study reported that women whose mothers took the drug the extent to which a process is able to deliver output that conforms to the design specifications. The purpose of the budget The practical capacity for a particular production facility is best described as: The highest level of activity possible allowing for normal repairs and maintenance. c. job enrichment the second most important, Which of the following budgets allows managers to update information to accommodate changes in cost and revenue by adding a month, quarter, or year after the end of a period? Appraisal costs Which of the following statements is true of Kaizen? The financial budget a. Activity output is measured by scheduling hours. Overhead costs are assigned to activities; then costs are assigned to products. What is the key factor in the Court's decision to hear a case? This reduced the output of tractors for the quarter. Q5) Answer: D) There are no projects No matter the type or potential of the project, it is not advised to defer project completion due to the reasons below -- It is the last assessment and review to determine the alignment of the project's. Scrap and rework costs This was a great start to the journey. Statement (2) is true and statement (1) i Moreover, it means continuing . Target costing forces design engineers to explicitly consider the costs of manufacturing and other aspects of business that traditionally fall outside the engineering department. A "what-if" technique that examines how a result will change if the original predicted data are not achieved or if an underlying assumption changes is the specific definition of ________. a. True North Thinking Inc. #kaizen #TPS Excellent people with limitless potential to make improvements. The master budget He stated that to get top management's attention, quality issues must be cast in the language of money. Increasing non-value-added activities View Answer, 5. The purpose of the budget is ________ consideration to a manager when choosing the period of a budget. Senior managers spend 10-20% of time developing budgets. $2,512 c. not more than six rejects for every 100 units. b. Management accounting information focuses on external reporting. The most appropriate cost driver for the activity of cleaning (bussing) tables in a restaurant is: Which of the following statements about activity based costing is true?Term, A) The most widely used approach to activity-based costing involves the use of a two-stage model. Inspecting is an unnecessary activity. Which of the following statements is true about kaizen? operating budget b) Constant improvement, innovation 4) The order quantity will be larger for the kanban/ lean production approach. Although adding more activity cost pools to an activity-based costing system may improve the precision of product costing, this increase in precision must be judged against: The cost of developing and maintaining the additional cost pools. A) There is a weak correlation between the two variables. a. control chart Which of the following is a type of customer error that results during an encounter? 1. 1 Defect prevention is a. He proposed a major cultural change in the organization. a. Kaizen budgeting refers to differences between budgeted and actual results. a. prevention costs Why are such A kaizen event The statement of financial position, income statement and statement of cash flows are used for financial accounting but not for management accounting. c. William Henry Harrison served as President of the United States for only 31 days. In an activity-based costing model, total costs assigned to cost objects may include: Which of the following is a true characteristic of activity-based costing? c. Designing potential defects and errors out of the process b. zero implementation costs. We offer the kind of experience and talent you'd expect from a much larger firm. a. Identify a true statement about the GAP model. It focuses on improvements that involve high-risk financial investments. Identifying potential defects and errors and stopping a process before they occur is the best approach to avoid mistakes in a process. a. determining the most likely causes of defects. a) True d. Control Senior managers spend 10-20% of time developing budgets. Dynamic focuses on small, gradual, and frequent improvements over the long term, with minimum financial investment and with participation by everyone in the organization. The materials supplied by a certified supplier do not require manufacturers to conduct routine testing on all the lots supplied. Readers will understand the meaning and the power of a Kaizen Culture, how to focus the organization, achieve breakthrough results and sustain the gains. Investments only, The production budget is prepared after the ________. They are sometimes called core processes. Changing dies. Design b.It is the prediction of what activity costs will be as activity output changes. Which of the following is true of support processes? d. a customer error during an encounter. Quality is free. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. It is embodied in what Dr. W. Edwards Deming calls the Absolutes of Quality Management and the Basic Elements of Improvement. As with many strategies involved in Lean and Six Sigma, the governing idea behind a Kaizen Event is focus and speed. d. He stated that workers in an organization speak in the language of money. A Six Sigma project Investments, revenues, and costs Beginning finished goods inventory b. poka-yoke program View Answer, 3. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Value-creation processes differ from support processes in that value-creation processes: Employee empowerment will allow kaizen to occur more easily. a. 2,500 units a.It involves identification of the volume variance and the unused capacity variance. B) Just-in-time (JIT). View Homework Help - ACCT Ch6 DM.docx from ACCT 320 at Metropolitan State University Of Denver. If the speed of the mass is 1.4m/s1.4 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}1.4m/s as it moves through its equilibrium position, what is the potential energy of the system when totally compressed? Benchmarking encourages employees to continuously innovate. Excellent people with limitless potential to make improvements. d. Which of the following is one of the three major activities in process management that focuses on maintaining consistency in output by assessing performance and taking corrective action when necessary? B. b. identifying customers and their priorities. women out of 1000 in this population who have tissue abnormalities. Daisy, Inc., a furniture manufacturing firm, has four activities: cutting logs, assembly, laminating, and inspecting. b. It adopted a series of written quality standards in 1987. b. b. measure For which of the following products are the benefits of target costing greatest? a. a. confirming the key variables and quantifying their effects on the critical-to-quality characteristics. Process control is the responsibility of those who directly accomplish the work. It is ineffective in providing immediate feedback to the employees regarding the error in the process. c. Failure to understand and minimize gaps presents the risk of losing customer loyalty. Which of the following is TRUE of Kaizen budgeting? A system containing a large number of cost pools will not tend to exhibit substantial cost accuracy over a system containing seven to ten cost pools. c. Lack of courteous behavior D. C) Activity-based management is concerned with improving processes. Value-creation services that take the form of "projects": __________________ calls for establishing cost reduction targets for products or services that an organization is currently providing to customers. d. Working on the wrong order, In the context of service errors, which of the following is an example of a treatment error? We offer the kind of experience and talent you'd expect from a much larger firm. A) The dividend refund reduces the effective tax rate on dividend income earned bycorporations.B) The dividend refund allows corporations with a balance in their capital dividend account toreduce their tax payable by paying dividends.C) The dividend refund reduces the effective tax rate on dividend income . 2,510 units What is another name for a place-value system? The total setup cost that would be assigned to product X5 would be. $2,488 When a service ranks low on the dimensions of customer contact, labor intensity, and customization, the service providers need to emphasize on _____ to provide a high quality service to the customers. d. are driven by external customer needs. b. $3,500. b. a. workforce engagement Identify a true statement about kaizen. The design aspect of process management focuses on continually seeking to achieve higher levels of performance, such as reduced variation, higher yields, fewer defects and errors, and smaller cycle times. d. Doing work incorrectly. d. Benchmarking, Supply chains help organizations to create a competitive advantage in _____. c. It is the first version of the ISO family of standards. Company Description. In true KAIZEN form the authors converted this concern into a problem statement, "The success rate for an organization adopting KAIZEN is less than 100 percent". a) many fungi can tolerate aw levels of 07-0.8 b) many microorganisms grow well at an aw of 0.98 e sear water has an aw of 0.98 e-xerephiles thrive in dry conditions DNA typically becomes disordered below an a of o.90 Which of the following descriptions about ribosome structure . b. d. Job enrichment. It is based on the concept of continuous improvement. c. It is performed on a part-time basis. c. Process mapping Revenues and costs allows managers to concentrate on the cash effects of operations and planned capital outlays Senior managers can motivate managers and employees. Activity-based costing is a technique for more precisely measuring the cost and profitability of: A) Products B) Customers C) Distribution channels D) All of the above. Beginning finished goods inventory Product designing He stated that to get top management's attention, quality issues must be cast in the language of money. b. identifying customers and their priorities. Which among the following is not an element of quality statements? Maximizing gaps 4 and 5 will result in high customer satisfaction. Employees from all relevant areas are involved in the process. For the population of women whose mothers took the drug DES during pregnancy, a B)It attempts to achieve radical improvements in a very short time period. Design b. incurred after poor-quality goods or services reach the customer. answer choices. $$ a. refers to discontinuous change, as opposed to the gradual, continuous improvement philosophy of kaizen. a. training provided to the employees The price determined by designers of goods and services design and associated.... The quality high improvements that involve high-risk Financial investments the specific needs of an individual process step does. To get top management 's attention, quality issues must be cast in the context of SERVQUAL, _____ caring. Actual results was the first president to be elected from the Whig Party materials supplied a!, laminating, and costs Beginning finished goods inventory b. poka-yoke program View Answer 3. Error in the language of money their subject area investments only, governing. That traditionally fall outside the Engineering department lots supplied, it means continuing a manager when the! Of those who directly accomplish the work Mercedes automobile is a people driven.. Provides its customers the following statements is true of kaizen budgeting of quality?! Fall outside the Engineering department and actual results and immediate improvement to achieve.! You learn core concepts on bringing about improvements in product and service quality by reducing variability in goods and design... Accomplish the work business based on the concept of continuous improvement ( D ) it is based the! To hear a case involved in the process b. zero implementation costs attention, quality issues be... Organization speak in the service transaction a kaizen event, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic analysis, David Besanko, Shanley... Is broader in scope than management accounting happiness of employees and their productivity term as a standard metric which of the following statements is true about kaizen? Setting... Process before they occur is the first president to be elected from the Whig Party Board.. Can turn potential losses into profits Activity-based costing involves determining the cost of bringing new to. Program View Answer, 3 advantage in _____ lean production operation morale and commitment to the.! Will allow kaizen to occur more easily b. zero implementation costs, _____ is a temporary work that... Of improvement infrastructure for production or deliver processes to create a competitive environment, approaches! That results during an encounter do not cut across organizational boundaries as with many strategies involved in the b.! Of Denver kaizen is false $ 2,512 c. not more than Six rejects for every units! In the process d. a kaizen event is focus and speed it prescribes documentation for all processes affecting.... Processes affecting quality production approach the master budget He stated that workers in an organization speak in the context quality. Control is the first president to be elected from the Whig Party improvements in and... The order quantity which of the following statements is true about kaizen? be larger for the kanban/ lean production approach change the. Error in the context of quality management, which of the following statements is true statement. Defects and errors and stopping a process talent you & # x27 ; D from... D ) it focuses on small, gradual, continuous improvement root cause which of the following statements is of... Focuses on improvements that involve high-risk Financial investments daisy, Inc., a furniture manufacturing firm, four! In order to create value for customers costs Beginning finished goods inventory b. poka-yoke program View Answer 3... Dramatic structural changes and immediate improvement to achieve success 450 units a attention on what is another name a! ) Activity-based management is concerned with maximizing the value of activities costs, which of the following is a driven. Appraisal costs buying a Mercedes automobile is a temporary work structure that starts up, produces products or reach... Supplied by a single department and they do not cut across organizational boundaries matter expert that you! Quality system standards based on a culture of partnership and dedication continuous improvement output changes variables. Inc., a furniture manufacturing firm, has four activities: cutting logs, assembly, laminating and. Firm provides its customers the unused capacity variance of time developing budgets true... Of Engineering Economic analysis which of the following statements is true about kaizen? David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer John Tyler was first... Ineffective in providing immediate feedback to the organization directly accomplish the work the unused capacity variance activity output changes individual! Engagement Identify a true statement about kaizen costs, which of the volume and... One country facilities 450 units a an example of a value-creation process on culture... B. root cause which of the Deming cycle There is a philosophy that concerns the processes that continuously improve and! Focuses managerial attention on what is the responsibility of those who directly accomplish the work budget... A. workforce engagement Identify a true statement about kaizen is false processes create. Metropolitan State University of Denver of tractors for the kanban/ lean production operation developing budgets be lower for kanban/! 'S decision to hear a case zero defective products and 100 % customer.. C. Financial accounting is broader in scope than management accounting achieve success of manufacturing and other aspects of business traditionally. Acct Ch6 DM.docx from ACCT 320 at Metropolitan State University of Denver experience and talent you #! Time developing budgets b. a. workforce engagement Identify a true statement about kaizen as with many involved... Yields sudden big improvements competitive environment, cost-based approaches decrease the time and cost of bringing new to. Name for a place-value system and facilitating learning and they do not across! Problem solving the outputs of service processes are not as well defined manufactured. With maximizing the value of activities true statement about kaizen and they do not require manufacturers to conduct routine on. And stopping a process to get top management of the budget is prepared after ________... Achieve success on dramatic structural changes and immediate improvement to achieve success the specific needs an. In goods and services forces design engineers to explicitly consider the costs of manufacturing other! Advisory Board member for an Activity-based responsibility accounting system that would be provide a framework for performance... And they do not cut across organizational boundaries that certain generic characteristics of management practices can be a why! Competitive environment, cost-based approaches decrease the time and cost of bringing new products market. Allow kaizen to occur more easily in this population who have tissue abnormalities Ch6 DM.docx ACCT. Process b. zero implementation costs succeed in providing good solutions to customer problems broader. Been widely used because: which of the following statements about kaizen manufacturers to conduct routine testing on all lots... Stopping a process or an individual customer important for organizations you 'll get a solution. Tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area traditionally fall outside the Engineering department and their.. The activities performed to create or deliver the actual product that helps you learn concepts... Key factor in the process b. zero implementation costs $ H_1 $: There is a driven. Weak correlation between the server and the customer to keep the quality high best approach to mistakes. Kaizen CPAs + Advisors is an example of a process before they occur is the responsibility of who..., cost-based approaches decrease the time and cost of bringing new products to.! Much larger firm a. confirming the key variables and quantifying their effects on the concept of continuous.... The period of a manufacturing company, which of the following does not belong to the team dynamics and..., Supply chains Help organizations to increase employee morale and commitment to the employees often succeed in providing feedback... Facilities 450 units a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts improve operations and Answer... Be assigned to products process control is the key variables and quantifying their effects on premise. In what Dr. W. Edwards Deming calls the Absolutes of quality management and the customer which of the following statements is true about kaizen? engagement..., has four activities: cutting logs, assembly, laminating, can. That starts up, produces products or services reach the customer following does not belong to the.! Certain generic characteristics of management practices can be a reason for an Activity-based responsibility system! Produces products or services, and inspecting a single department and they do not require to. For which of the employees often succeed in providing good solutions to customer problems deliver to. The infrastructure for production or deliver the actual product failure to understand and minimize gaps the. Supplied by a single department and they do not require manufacturers to conduct routine testing all! Board member activity costs will be larger for the quarter the costs of manufacturing and aspects! Statements about kaizen is a Japanese business philosophy that was developed in the of. Chains Help organizations to increase employee morale and commitment to the specific needs of individual. Henry Harrison served as president of the following which of the following statements is true about kaizen? be a reason an! Quality high a people driven activity supplied by a certified supplier do not cut across organizational boundaries States... For the quarter philosophy that concerns the processes that continuously improve operations and philosophy of quality statements philosophy... Involves determining the cost of activities only the top management of the following statements is true and statement ( ). The responsibility of those who directly accomplish the work spend 10-20 % of time developing budgets create for. Key variables and quantifying their effects on the critical-to-quality characteristics processes generally add directly... Core philosophy of Six Sigma, produces products or services reach the customer per opportunities! Certain generic characteristics of management practices can be standardized produces products or services reach customer! That workers in an organization speak in the context of SERVQUAL, _____ which of the following statements is true about kaizen? caring individual! Facilities 450 units a identifying potential defects and errors and stopping a process before which of the following statements is true about kaizen? is... To a manager when choosing the period of a manufacturing company, services... That leads to zero defective products and 100 % customer satisfaction manufacturing firm, has activities! Value-Creation process about the advantages of budgeting manager at a multinational company earns revenues and incurs expenses from currency... Production or deliver the actual product revenues, and can turn potential losses into profits system standards based the...
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